48. *Audubon, John J., Papers. 3 boxes. England.

There are 21 letters from Audubon (1785-1851, DAB) written during his British trips of 1827-28 (12), 1830 (3), and 1834-35 (5). These are uniformly disappointing in terms of describing the British scientific community. However, Audubon did make brief mentions of numerous institutions, individuals and patrons of science whom he visited in search of subscribers for his Birds of America.

49. *Bache, Alexander Dallas, Journals, notes, and papers gathered in Europe. 1836-38. Stephen Girard Papers (microfilm), series II, reels 474-76. Sketches. Austria, England, France, Ireland, Italy, Prussia, Scotland, and Switzerland.

50. Baldwin, Loammi, Jr., Diary of Travels. 1823. Sketches. England, France, the Netherlands (including Belgium).

Loammi Baldwin's personal journal is an excellent example of the gathering and recording technical information for future contemplation and use. Baldwin (1780-1838, DAB) was already a seasoned civil engineer by the time of this, his second trip abroad, and he was anxious to inspect hydraulic engineering sites. After brief notes on Dover harbor and the cotton mills and canal of St. Quentin (France), Baldwin's journal focuses on canals, roads, docks, and harbors in the Netherlands (then including Belgium). Nearly every technical description is accompanied by one or more careful pen-and-ink sketches. For example, Baldwin was impressed by the North Holland Canal and, in addition to lengthy comments, made sketches of lock gates, an inclined plane, sluice gates, excavating machinery, and a winch with manwheels for lifting boats out of the water.

51. Fisher, Miers, Jr., letters to Thomas Gilpin, 1811-12 (copies), and journal of travels. Russia.

Two of Fisher's letters include his comments on industries at St. Petersburg. He was particularly fascinated by the manufacture and use of steam engines there, which he described as being made in "every force from a two horsepower up to 80 according as you order them; are entirely of cast iron beam and stand, and are as finely finished as a clock." His journal (also at the APS Library) has similar comments.

52. Girard, Stephen, Papers. 1769-c. 1840. Microfilm of original papers at Girard College.

Stephen Girard (1750-1831, DAB) was a wealthy Philadelphia merchant with an extensive overseas trade and in his later years substantial business interests. His massive collection of business records and manuscripts is available only on microfiim at the APS. Tables of contents and a subject-name index aid the researcher.

Letters from his American agents abroad and his ship captains and supercargoes sometimes comment on industrial matters. In a random search I noticed a letter from Edward George to Girard, dated from Liverpool on 24 September 1823, which reported George's conversations with Manchester cotton spinners regarding new textile mills in the vicinity. While other letters seemed to be confined to prices current and assessments of market movements, the correspondence covers so many products that it is a valuable index of Americans' knowledge of European technology.

53. *Hewson Family Papers. 1794-95. Microfilm. England.

Thomas Ticknor Hewson (1773-1848, Appleton's) was born in England, emigrated to the United States in 1786, and attended the University of Pennsylvania medical school. He returned to Britain in the summer of 1794 to study at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London, and the next year he went to Edinburgh for medical lectures there. He soon returned to practice in Philadelphia.

This collection has four letters written during Hewson's year in London. They describe his attendance at the hospital, which concentrated on dissections and anatomical studies, as well as the society of medical students. He also mentioned attending the Royal Society and meeting Sir Joseph Banks.

54. *Hutchinson, James, Papers. 1775-76. England.

55. Kinloch, Francis, Letters and Papers. 1776-1809. Microfilm. Italy, France, England, Germany, Switzerland.

Francis Kinloch (1755-1826, Appleton's) was a South Carolinian who was educated at Eton, and subsequently took a European tour culminating in residence at Geneva in 1775-77. These papers are largely letters and notes to Kinloch's friend, Johannes von Muller, a Swiss historian. They are tantalizingly brief on Kinloch's education under Charles Bonnet at Geneva, and rarely record his observations of European science and technology. His journal of travels in Switzerland, beginning 12 July 1776, mentions the harbor of Versoy and the machinery of the salt mine at Bex and is perhaps more revealing than his letters.

56. *Larrey, Baron Dominique-Jean, and Felix Hippolyte Larrey, Letters from Americans, c. 1818-1860. Microfilm.

Baron Dominque-Jean Larrey (1766-1842) and Felix Hippolyte Larrey (1808-95), father and son, were prominent French surgeons sympathetic to American students in Paris. These letters, dating from as early as 1828 and as late as 1860, are largely letters of introduction, letters of thanks for assistance, and correspondence. Daniel Brainard (1812-66, DAB), for example, studied in Paris in 1839-41 and 1853-54. On return from the latter trip he wrote to F. H. Larrey to thank him for friendship and assistance, and in 1858 he wrote to tell of significant surgery he had performed in Chicago.

57. *Lea, Issac, Journals. 1832, 1852-53. 16 volumes. Photocopies and microfilm. England, France, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland.

Lea (1792-1886, DAB) was a Philadelphia merchant who was a partner in the Carey publishing house from 1821 to 1851. He had decided interests in natural history, particularly geology, paleontology, and conchology, which formed the focus of trips to Europe in 1832 and 1852-53. His journals are detailed and often informative about individuals and collections. He did not hesitate to be critical of what he saw, in 1832 judging the British Museum's collection of minerals, shells, and birds very good, but the animals "decidedly bad."

Lea attended many professional gatherings. In 1832 he was at meetings of the BAAS and the Royal Society. He attended a session of the Institut de France and commented that "there must have been more than 100 savants present. Biot, Geof. St. Hillaire & some others were pointed out to me across the room. The meeting has a striking effect on a stranger." In 1852 he met for several days with the German scientific association.

Overall, the journals mention many prominent figures in Lea's fields of interest, many of whom took great interest in Lea's own researches.

58. *Lesley, J. Peter, Papers. 1844-45. Originals and microfilm. England, France, Wales, Switzerland, and Germany.

These materials antedate Lesley's (1819-1903, DAB) development as a metallurgist and geologist, although he already had strong scientific and technical inclinations. The relevant letters (21) and journals (3) record his travels before and after a winter of theological studies at Halle in Germany. He visited several engineering works and made sketches of them, including the Canal du Midi, bridges over the Rhine, and the Strassburg railroad. He occasionally mentioned meetings with geologists, including Elie de Beaumont and Christian Leopold von Buch.

59. Linnaean Society of London. Letters by and about Americans. 1738-1872. Microfilm.

The most valuable group of letters in these items selected from the Linnaean Society's collections is a group of ten letters in Latin written by Adam Kuhn to Linnaeus while Kuhn was studying in Upsala, London, and Edinburgh. There are other letters of introduction for American travelers and some correspondence from returned Americans.

60. *Lyman, Benjamin Smith, Papers. Notebooks (box 43), 1859-62. France, Germany. Sketches.

Lyman (1835-1920, DAB) was a Harvard graduate employed by J. Peter Lesley to do a mining and metallurgical survey of Pennsylvania in 1856-57. After a brief stay with the Iowa State Geological Survey he went to Europe to study at the École des Mines at Paris (1859-61), and the Mining Academy at Freiberg (1861-62). There survive eight notebooks from those years, with notes of his travels and studies written in English, French, and German.

The notes for France include some class notes on mine drainage, and considerable travel observations for southern France. He visited ironworks, mines, the arsenal of Toulon, and railroad works. His German lecture notes are more considerable and focus on geology and mining technology. The accompanying personal notes make it clear that he immediately sought out the company of other Americans studying at Freiberg and often spent time with them thereafter.

Lyman subsequently worked as a consulting mining engineer in the United States, Canada, India and Japan.

61. *Maclure, William, Journals and Notes of Travels. 1805-13. 18 journals. Microfilm. Sketches.

Maclure (1763-1840, BDAS), an independently wealthy Scottish merchant, came to the United States in 1796 and ever afterward considered it his home. He conducted extensive geological researches during his travels in Europe and North America, and was a patron of scientists and scientific institutions.

The journals are daily records of Maclure's observations of the landscape, including geology, agriculture, inhabitants, and sometimes industries. On occasion he remained in a city long enough to examine museums and personal collections or to meet resident scientists. Given Maclure's geological interests it is not surprising that mines and quarries of various sorts came in for considerable comment. He was especially fascinated by the Swedish mines with their unusual minerals. But Maclure took interest in nearly anything innovative or unique, and used four pages of his journal to sketch out a new mode of distillation for wine which he saw at Montpellier in France.

Maclure's role in the American scientific community was so important that these journals can be taken as a significant measure of the body of knowledge available to it during his era.

62. *Mitchell, Maria, Papers. 1857-58. Microfilm, 9 reels. England, Scotland, France, Italy.

Mitchell (1818-89, DAB) was an astronomer who was appointed the first professor of astronomy at Vassar. In 1857-58 she toured European observatories and scientific institutions.

The fragmentary material in the Mitchell Papers is difficult to make sense of: much of it seems to be reminiscences or journal entries copied years later. Updated and out-of-order journal entries also make the chronology difficult to reconstruct. Some of the longer passages include a description of a visit to Greenwich Observatory, a memoir of a conversation with Alexander von Humboldt, and a reminiscence of a visit with the Herschel family. One notable aspect of the collection is a large group of letters she received from others, which help to trace her travels.

64. *Parke, Thomas, Journals. 1771-72. 3 vols. Microfilm. England and Scotland.

65. *Patterson, Robert Maskell, Papers. 4 notebooks, 4 other items, 1810-11. France.

Patterson (1787-1854, BDAS), a Philadelphian, studied medicine and science in Paris and chemistry with Humphry Davy in London, 1809-23. He was later a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Virginia, and Director of the United States Mint in Philadelphia.

The four small notebooks in the collections contain notes on lectures at the Jardin des Plantes for 1810, including: Defontaine on botany, Tremery on physics, La Cépède and Dumeril on fishes, Lamarck on invertebrates, and other notes on trees and shrubs, and meteors. There are also separate notes on Thenard's and Gay-Lussac's experimental means of analyzing the constituents of plant matter.

66. *Peale, Benjamin Franklin, Papers. 1833-35. Microfiche in The Collected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family. Lillian B. Miller, ed. Millwood, N.Y.: Kraus Microform, 1980. England, France, Germany.

Peale was in Europe as an agent of the United States Mint (see nos. 30-31). In these eleven letters and a final report of 269 pages Peale described his visits to mints, mines, and refineries in England, France, and Germany. He valued the French mints because they were freely opened to him, thought that the mint at Carlsruhe was the "neatest and best arranged" of those he saw, and took a course in assaying in London. Although it might seem that minting is a rather narrow field of technology, Peale examined a wide range of allied industrial processes, including sulfuric acid manufacture, platinum refining, bronzing processes, balance-making, and waste-metal recovery. This collection is extremely useful for examining a wide range of European industrial technologies.

67. Peale, Rembrandt, Papers. 1802-03, 1808, 1828, 1829-30, 1832-33. Originals, and Microfiche in The Collected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family. Lillian B. Miller, ed. Millwood, N.Y.: Kraus Microform, 1980. France, England.

68. Peale, Rubens, Papers. 1802-03. Originals and microfiche in The Collected Letters of Charles Willson Peale and His Family. Lillian B. Miller, ed. Millwood, N.Y.: Kraus Microform, 1980. England.

Rubens Peale (1784-1865) wrote eleven letters while in England exhibiting a mastadon skeleton. Several of his letters comment on public and private collections in natural history, especially the Leverian Museum, the British Museum, and Pidcock's Menagerie.

69. *"Quetelet, Lambert A. I., Selected Correspondence. c. 1830-74. Microfilm.

Quetelet (1796-1874, DSB) was an astronomer and statistician who founded the Royal Observatory in Brussels. His work in statistics brought him international attention, and he subsequently carried on a considerable correspondence which he used to promote international cooperation in the sciences. This collection includes about 300 letters from Americans or APS members. Some letters are introductions for American travelers. I noted two letters by Matthew Fontaine Maury written in Europe subsequent to attending the International Maritime Meteorological Conference at Brussels in 1853, and three by Alexander Dallas Bache discussing his visits with French and English scientists in 1838 (see nos. 2 and 49).

70. Rockwell, Alfred Perkins, Papers. 1857-59. 7 volumes and about 20 loose items. Sketches. England, Scotland, Germany and Belgium.

After an education at Yale and the Sheffield Scientific School, Rockwell (1834-1922) spent two years abroad studying mining. First he attended lectures given by John Percy at the Museum of Practical Geology in London, and then he enrolled at the Mining Academy in Freiberg, Saxony. Later he taught mining engineering in the United States.

There are two volumes of notes on Percy's lectures (1857-58), two volumes of notes taken while traveling in Britain (1858), two volumes of notes from Freiberg (1858-59), and one volume on travels in Germany, Belgium, and Britain (1859). There are also loose sketches and copies of various documents from British collieries. The collection is exceptional in the details it contains on ore and coal mining technology, including pumping, winding, ventilating machinery, washing and ore separation equipment, and roasting and coking ovens. Rockwell also took notes on glassworks, ironworks, potteries, railroads, and building construction.

71. Sellers, George Escol, Letterbook. 1832. 7 letters. England.

72. *Smith, Thomas Peters, Diaries. 1800-02. 4 vols. Germany, Denmark, Sweden, France, Switzerland, England, Wales.

73. *Williams, Jonathan, Papers. 1771. Microfilm. England.

Jonathan Williams (1750-1815, DAB) was Benjamin Franklin's secretary while Franklin was in England representing various colonies. In May 1771 they were members of a party who traveled in northern England to take in scientific and technical sights. Williams recorded nine days of travel in 43 pages, giving ample room for comments. His lengthier descriptions include a marble-sawing mill, a trip on the Duke of Bridgewater's Canal, and a china factory at Derby. They also visited Joseph Priestley, who entertained them with "a great many very pretty experiments in electricity," and Matthew Boulton's factory in Birmingham, which Williams admired for its variety of manufactures, including "metal buttons, all kinds of watch chains, plated silver, gilded metal, and gold and silver trays and utensils."