The recipient of the 2019 Karl Spencer Lashley Award is Wolfram Schultz, Professor of Neuroscience at the University of Cambridge, in recognition of “his discovery of reward-predicting signals carried by dopamine cells in the midbrain and their critical role in reinforcement learning.” He was presented with the award at the American Philosophical Society's Autumn Meeting on November 8, 2019.

Through elegant empirical studies in nonhuman primates, Wolfram Schultz discovered reward-predicting signals that are encoded in the electrical activity of midbrain dopamine neurons.  Assessing the reward value of environmental objects, locations, and potential actions is critical to motivated behavior.  Schultz showed that the activity of dopamine neurons is not linked to the delivery of reward per se, but rather to the information value of a reward.  More formally, dopamine neurons signal reward prediction error, an essential component of value estimation in models of reinforcement learning. Schultz’s discoveries inform our understanding of diverse aspects of human behavior and cognition, including habit learning, decision-making, addiction, and neuropsychiatric conditions such as Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

The Karl Spencer Lashley Award was established in 1957 by a gift from Dr. Lashley, a member of the Society and a distinguished neuroscientist and neuropsychologist.  His entire scientific life was spent in the study of behavior and its neural basis.  Dr. Lashley’s famous experiments on the brain mechanisms of learning, memory and intelligence helped inaugurate the modern era of integrative neuroscience, and the Lashley Award recognizes innovative work that continues exploration in the field.

The members of the selection committee are William T. Newsome III (chair), Harman Family Provostial Professor, Vincent V. C. Woo Director of the Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Professor of Neurobiology and, by courtesy, of Psychology, Stanford University; John E. Dowling, Gordon and Llura Gund Research Professor of Neurosciences Emeritus, Harvard University; Catherine Dulac, Higgins Professor of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Lee and Ezpeleta Professor of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, and Investigator for Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Ann M. Graybiel, Institute Professor, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Investigator, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; John G. Hildebrand, Regents Professor of Neuroscience, University of Arizona; Eric Knudsen, Sewell Professor of Neurobiology Emeritus, Stanford University School of Medicine; Edvard Moser, Professor of Neuroscience, Director, Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology; and Larry R. Squire, Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Psychology, University of California, San Diego, Research Career Scientist, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego.

The recipient of the 2019 Jacques Barzun Prize in Cultural History is Sarah E. Igo. She was awarded the prize at the APS Autumn Meeting on November 8, 2019.

Sarah Igo's The Known Citizen: A History of Privacy in Modern America (Harvard University Press) offers a subtle, far-reaching account of a subject that is in many ways more elusive than it may seem. Privacy has had a “contentious career,” as Igo says, and “a longing for public recognition” can “oscillate with a desire for obscurity, even within the same person.”  “As I worked on this book I kept arriving at a paradox: privacy is everywhere in modern America and yet hardly anywhere in modern American history.”

Sarah Igo's 'historical arc' reaches from the late nineteenth century, when the telegraph, the postcard, the camera and the newspaper began to make public much that had been private, to the present day, when social media and the combined interests of a nervous state and prurient audiences tempt us to think that privacy has vanished altogether. The history in question is not so much that of a concept as of America's shifting attitudes to it, the intricate details of 'what has happened to citizens' thinking about privacy'. This thinking concerns, among other things, milestones in the law, the development of a social security system, problematic research methods in the social sciences, reality television and confessional writing. A remarkable moment occurs when we are reminded that in the 1980s many Americans who could afford to do so 'privatized their very claims to privacy', living in gated communities and finding their shops and schools in an effectively segregated world. To think about privacy is to think about knowledge: who has it, who needs it, how much damage can it do, and when should it be hidden or protected? These questions are signaled by Igo's title; they come together to form what she calls 'the quandary of the known citizen'. Her eloquent recurring phrase is 'a knowing society', as in 'the new wariness attached to a knowing society', or 'a knowing society would be defined in large part by this tension between the desire to see or be seen and the wish to evade society’s gaze'. “Americans in the twentieth century,” Igo says, “made of privacy much more than a legal right. They made it foundational to their sense of personhood and national identity.” This book, covering a wide range of cases, always thoughtful and open-minded in its interpretations of them, allows us to see how difficult it can be to know when we want to be known; and suggests that American privacy, far from vanishing, is only in the early stages of what is likely to be a long, changing career.  Sarah Igo is an associate professor of history, associate professor of political science, associate professor of sociology, associate professor of law, and director of the American Studies Program at Vanderbilt University.

The Jacques Barzun Prize in Cultural History is awarded annually to the author whose book exhibits distinguished work in American or European cultural history. Established by a former student of Jacques Barzun, the prize honors this historian and cultural critic who was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1984.  The selection committee consisted of Michael Wood (chair), Charles Barnwell Straut Professor of English and Comparative Literature, Princeton University; David Hollinger, Preston Hotchkis Professor Emeritus, University of California, Berkeley; and Robert B. Pippin, Evelyn Stefansson Nef Distinguished Service Professor, Committee on Social Thought, Department of Philosophy, University of Chicago.
 

October 10-12, 2019

Papers for "The Power of Maps and the Politics of Borders" can be found below.  You will be required to enter a password provided by conference organizers to access them. Please contact the APS at [email protected] if you are attending the conference but have not yet received the password.

Papers are not to be cited or circulated without the written permission of the author

9:30 a.m.–10:30 a.m.: Panel 1: The Materiality of Maps

“Making Mapping a Nation: The Challenges and Opportunities of Exhibiting Early American Maps"
Erin Holmes, University of Missouri 

“'Suitable for the Parlor of an American': The Legacy of Major Sebastian Bauman's Map of the Siege of Yorktown"
Kate McKinney, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation 

“Archival Lines, Atlantic Diplomacy, and Negotiating the Northeast Boundary” 
Derek O'Leary, University of California, Berkeley

Comment: Martin Brückner, University of Delaware

11:00 a.m.–12:00 p.m.: Panel 2: Mapping Economies 

“Things to Think With: The Use of Borders on Early Modern Maps of the British Atlantic"
Christian Koot, Towson University  

“Mapping New Empires and Old: Albert Gallatin and the Cartographic Infrastructure of the Early Republic"
George Gallwey, Harvard University  

“'I Love to Stand Before a Map of the World': The Monthly Concert and Missionary Geography"
Emily Conroy-Krutz, Michigan State University 

Comment: Nicholas Gliserman, Chief Academic Officer, Game Learning 

1:30 p.m.–2:30 p.m.: Panel 3: Cartographic Technologies  

“The Non-Cartographic Uses and Implications of Globes in Early America”
Tamara Plakins Thornton, SUNY Buffalo 

“Putting Science to the Test: Initiating the World's Longest Unfortified Boundary"
David Spanagel, Worchester Polytechnic Institute  

“Finding the History of the World at the Bottom of the Ocean: Hydrography, Natural History, and the Sea in the Nineteenth Century"
Penelope Hardy, University of Wisconsin, La Crosse

Comment: Darin Hayton, Haverford College

2:45 p.m.–3:45 p.m.: Panel 4: Indigenous Geographies 

“Maps and Boundaries in the Native South: The Creation of an Interior South in Chickasaw County"
Jeffrey Washburn, University of Mississippi 

“Wielding the Power of Mapping: Cherokee Territoriality, Anglo-American Surveying, and the Creation of Borders in the Early Nineteenth-Century West"
Austin Stewart, Lehigh University  

“Thinking Multidimensionally: Cherokee Boundaries Above, Below, and Beyond"
Julie Reed, Pennsylvania State University 

Comment: Maggie Blackhawk, University of Pennsylvania

Saturday, October 12

9:30 a.m.–10:30 a.m.: Panel 5: Contested Boundaries 

“Clear Boundaries or Shared Territory: Chickasaw and Cherokee Resistance to American Colonization, 1792-1816"
Lucas Kelley, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 

“Elusive Hinlopen, or the Cape's role in protracting the boundary dispute between Pennsylvania and Maryland"
Agnes Trouillet, University of Paris

“Routes to the Pacific: Maps, Terraqueous Mobility, and American Westward Expansion, 1776-1849"
Sean Fraga, Princeton University

Comment: S. Max Edelson, University of Virginia

11:00 a.m.–12:00 a.m.: Panel 6: Beyond the Nation 

“Strange Waters: The Transnational Origins of the First Coastal Survey of the United States of America"
Matthew Franco, College of William & Mary

“Canada in the Early Republic: Jedidiah Morse's Continental Geography"
Jeffers Lennox, Wesleyan University

“William Darby's Map of Louisiana and the Extension of American Sovereignty over the 'Neutral Ground' in the Louisiana-Texas Borderland, 1806-1821"
Jackson Pearson, Texas Christian University

Comment: Bethel Saler, Haverford College

Long-Term Fellows

Jeffery Appelhans
Richard Lounsbery Postdoctoral Fellow

Andrew Abdalian
Mellon Foundation Native American Scholars Initiative Postdoctoral Fellow

Zara Anishanslin
David Center for the American Revolution Postdoctoral Fellow

Taylor Elizabeth Dysart
John C. Slater Predoctoral Fellow in the History of Science, Technology, & Medicine

Ryan P. Langton
David Center for the American Revolution Predoctoral Fellow

Emily Jean Leischner
Mellon Foundation Native American Scholars Initiative Career Pathways Fellow

Jessica Locklear
Mellon Foundation Native American Scholars Initiative Predoctoral Fellow

Francis Russo
Friends of the APS Predoctoral Fellow

Inspired by the work of the Center for Native American and Indigenous Research (CNAIR), the APS Library & Museum's Indigenous Learning Forum (formerly the Indigenous Studies Seminar Series) is a space for sharing Indigenous-led and community-engaged projects, as well as research in Native American and Indigenous Studies and related fields.

Forum sessions are held roughly once a month between November and May, on Thursdays at 3 pm Eastern. They are held over Zoom. Registration is required and free, and open to attendees of all backgrounds and affiliations. Presenters represent diverse Indigenous communities, professional and scholarly fields, and career levels. 

Se ofrecerá interpretación en español/inglés para todas las presentaciones. 

Spanish/English interpretation will be offered for all presentations.

Questions should be sent to Ruth Rouvier, Native American Scholars Initiative Engagement Coordinator, at [email protected].

2024-2025 Program 

Fall 2024

Thursday, September 12: Kaylen James (Itazipco Lakota/Mdewakantunwan Dakota/University of Minnesota-Twin Cities) and Dr. Samantha Majhor (Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux Descendant/Marquette University), "Remembering from the Heart and Mind: Oceti Sakowin Approaches to Digital Archiving and Website Design" 

Thursday, November 7:  Raul Macuil Martínez (Universidad Pedagógica Nacional. Unidad 131-Hidalgo, México), "Patrimonio documental comunitario en náhuatl de Tlaxcala, México" 

Thursday, November 21: Rosalba Gomez Bautista (Mixtec (Ñuu Saví - People of the Rain)/Sacramento State University), "Resistance Beyond Displacement: How Indigenous Migrants in Oaxaca, Mexico Redefine Resistance Beyond Transnational Borders 1980-2020" 

Thursday, December 5: Annemarie Gillies (Ngā Hapū o Waimārama /Te Kura I Awarua, Eastern Institute of Technology) and Tākuta Xavier Forde (Ngāti Huia/Te Kotahi Research Institute, University of Waikato), "Te Taunaha i ngā Tapuwae ō mātou Tīpuna/Reclaiming the footprints of our Ancestors: Piloting the use of Traditional Knowledge Labels by Ngā Hapū o Waimārama for their archaeological sites in Aotearoa New Zealand"

Spring 2025

Thursday, January 23: Andrew Abdalian (American Philosophical Society) Title TBD

Thursday, February 20: Jessica Locklear (Lumbee/Emory University), Title TBD

Thursday, March 20: Emily Jean Leischner (American Philosophical Society), "Activating Nuxalk Ancestral Governance to Protect the Nuxalk Language with the American Philosophical Society (APS)"

Date TBD: Jacqueline S. Campo (Quechua/University of Massachusetts Boston), "Ñuqaqa runa simitam rimachkani: Learning Quechua as a Heritage Language"

Thursday, May 8: Anca Wilkening (Harvard University), Ian McCallum (Munsee-Delaware First Nation/University of Toronto), Velma Noah Nicholas (Delaware Nation at Moraviantown/University of Victoria),  “Akiinziitookw - Let's Read Together!” Collaborative Interpretation of Moravian Munsee Lenape Manuscripts and Ancestral Voices at Harvard’s Houghton Library"

Past Presentations

Spring 2024 

Thursday, January 18: Rayo Cruz (Bëni Xidza Collective/Universidad de Guadalajara, México), "La enseñanza del Zapoteco como segunda lengua/Teaching Zapotec as a second language"

Thursday, February 15: Jacqueline S. Campo (University of Massachusetts Boston), "Limeños andinos: Narratives of indigenous Quechua migrants from the Andes to Lima, the capital of Peru"

Thursday, March 21: Jennifer Komorowski (Oneida Nation of the Thames/Toronto Metropolitan University) and Nyssa Komorowski (Oneida Nation of the Thames/University of Toronto), "Ukwehuwe Stories: A Philosophy and History of Being in the World"

Thursday, April 18: Keith Richotte, Jr. (Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians/University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill), "The Worst Trickster Story Ever Told: Native America, Plenary Power, and the U.S. Constitution"

Fall 2023 

Thursday, November 2: Alexandra Lamiña (Kitu-Kara/University of Texas at Austin/APS), "Indigenous Countertopography of Femicide: Witnessing the Modern Gender Genocide"

Thursday, November 30: Hali Dardar (United Houma Nation/Smithsonian), "Archival Material in Media Art – the 2023 Indigenous Gulf Stream"

Spring 2023 

Thursday, February 9: Mneesha Gellman, Emerson College, "Learning to Survive: Native American and Immigrant-Origin Youth Wellness in Schools." 

Thursday, March 30: Ian McCallum, University of Toronto, "Asiiskusiipuw." 

Thursday, May 25: Joseph Dupris, University of Colorado Boulder, "The American Indian in western linguistic inquiry: Toward tribalized language research."

Fall 2022 

Friday, October 28: Marlen Rosas, Haverford College, "Contending Visions of Indigenous Education in Ecuador: The Potential of the Radical 1940s."

Friday, December 16: David Dry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, "Advocating for Allotment: Civil Rights and Sovereign Ends."

Spring 2022 

Friday, January 21: Blake Grindon, Princeton University, “The Mohawk Atlantic in the Age of Revolution: Cultural Brokerage and the Politics of Alliance, 1775-76"

Friday, February 18: Eli Nelson, Williams University,   "Transing the first Native American Doctor."

Friday, April 22: Alejandra Dubcovsky and George Aaron Broadwell, University of California Riverside and University of Florida,   "Cumenatimococo, With all our Heart: Native Literacy and Power in Colonial Florida."

Friday, May 13: Robert Caldwell, Brown University, "  Albert Gallatin, philology and the emergence of ethnological mapping in the United States: Natural Sciences and Republican Ideals."

Spring 2021 

Friday, January 22: Patrick Lozar, University of Victoria, "'Home was, part of north of the line, and part of the time south of it': Families, Belonging, and Status in a Persistent Borderland." 

Friday, February 12: Mary McNeil (Harvard University), "The Factory of Genocide: Deer Island’s Carceral Geography"

Friday, March 19: Elizabeth Ellis (New York University), "  Remembering, Forgetting, and Mythologizing the Petites Nations”

Friday, April 16: Thompson Smith, Tribal History and Ethnogeography Projects, Séliš-Ql̓ispé Culture Committee, Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes, "Sk͏ʷsk͏ʷstúlex͏ʷ — Names Upon the Land: A Geography of the Salish and upper Kalispel People"

Friday, May 14: Katrina Srigley (Nipissing University) and Glenna Beaucage (Culture and Heritage Department, Nipissing First Nation), "Contributions to Ngodweyaan (Family) and Ezhidaayang (Community) on and beyond Nbisiing Nishnaabeg Territory"

Spring 2020 

Friday, February 7: Jessica Locklear, Temple University, “A History of Lumbee Migrations to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1945-2004; Chapter 2: A Lumbee Church on Frankford Avenue, 1965-2004”

Friday, March 6: Rosanna Dent, New Jersey Institute of Technology, “Bureaucratic Vulnerability: Possession, Sovereignty, and Relationality in Brazilian Research Regulation”

Friday, April 24: Cindy Ott, University of Delaware, "Ranch Work: Conflict, Compromise & Collaboration Among Historic Rivals," chapter 1 of Biscuits & Buffalo: Reinvention of American Indian Culture in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries

Friday, May 15: Peter Olsen-Harbich, The College of William & Mary, “"Quand ung homme a desservi mort” (When a Man Deserves to Die): Encountering Coercion in the Medieval Eastern Woodlands, 1501-1611”

Fall 2020 

Friday, November 6: Shandin Pete, Salish Kootenai College, “A Review of Salish Astronomical Knowledge".

Friday, December 18: Jermani Ojeda Ludeña, University of Texas at Austin, “Using Media to Promote Quechua Culture and Identity in the Peruvian Andes"

Fall 2019 

September 18: Morgan Ridgway, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and 2018-2019 Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Native American Scholars Initiative (NASI) Predoctoral Fellow, "(Re)Thinking Indian: The Handbook of the North American Indian and the Body in the Decade of the Bicentennial"

October 30: April Anson, Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow, Penn Program for the Environmental Humanities, "Master Metaphor: Environmental Apocalypse and the Settler State of Emergency"

December 10: Kate Riestenberg, Postdoctoral Fellow in Linguistics, Bryn Mawr College, "Promoting Zapotec language learning through meaningful social interaction"

9:30-10:45am Panel 1: Social Networks

“Science, Skepticism, and Societies: the Politics of Knowledge Creation in the Early Republic”
George Oberle, George Mason University

“Who You Know: How Social and Educational Networks Fostered Professional Identity Among American Doctors, 1780-1815”
Sarah Naramore, The University of the South

“Benjamin Smith Barton's Natural History Network: Local Knowledge and Atlantic Community”
Peter Messer, Mississippi State University

“Planting the Seeds of Empire: Botanical Gardens and Correspondence Networks in Antebellum America”
Alicia DeMaio, Harvard University

Comment: Andrew Shankman, Rutgers University, Camden

11:15-12:15pm Panel 2: Reconstructing Networks

“Spatial Expansion and State Power in the Nineteenth-Century United States”
Cameron Blevins, Northeastern University

“Intertribal Networks in the Colonized American West, 1870-1895”
Justin Gage, University of Arkansas

“Mapping the Networks of African North Americans Hidden in U.S. Government Records: Cases from Pension Files and the Census”
Adam Arenson, Manhattan College

Comment: Maeve Kane, SUNY Albany

2:15-3:15pm Panel 4: Reproducing Networks

“Plagiarism as Dialogue: The Loyalist Historians as Transatlantic Mediators”
Eileen Cheng, Sarah Lawrence College

“Before the Truth Puts its Boots on: Mis-Information Networks in 19th Century America”
Robert MacDougall, University of Western Ontario

“Worlds of Wonder: Tracing Reproductions of Microscopy Illustrations in the Nineteenth Century”
Lea Beiermann, Maastricht University

Comment: Richard John, Columbia University

3:30-4:45pm Panel 5: Networks and Nodes

“From Brussels to Europe: Building a Big Data Set in the Nineteenth Century”
Kevin Donnelly, Alvernia University

“Visualizing 19th and 20th Century Women in Science”
Serenity Sutherland, SUNY Oswego

“The Cybernetic Effect: Soviet Mind Research in the 1960s and 70s”
Ekaterina Babintseva, University of Pennsylvania

“Organizations and Knowledge Networks”
Janet Vertesi, Princeton University

Comment: Robert M. Hauser, Executive Officer, American Philosophical Society

The recipient selected for the 2019 Henry Allen Moe Prize in the Humanities is Alexander Jones, Professor of History of the Exact Sciences in Antiquity and Leon Levy Director of the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University, in recognition of his paper “‘Like Opening a Pyramid and Finding an Atomic Bomb’: Derek de Solla Price and the Antikythera Mechanism” read at the American Philosophical Society’s 2017 November Meeting and published in its Proceedings Volume 162, Number 3, September 2018. The award was presented April 26, 2019 at the Society's Spring 2019 Meeting.
    
Alexander Jones recounts advances in the understanding of an obscure archaeological artifact as a series of discoveries and near-misses that began with a grant to Derek de Solla Price from the American Philosophical Society in 1958. As Jones puts it, his essay is, in a sense, a review of an American Philosophical Society research grant and its outcomes. In part a historical detective story about the most important fine machinery to survive from Antiquity, in part a history of scientific inquiry and the role of new technologies, Jones’s essay renders comprehensible the complexity of piecing together this ancient artifact. 
 
Small pieces of corroded metal were salvaged from a Hellenistic shipwreck off the island of Antikythera in 1900–1901. Identified as parts of a Mechanism, they attracted little attention until Price traveled to Athens. Close examination suggested that the Mechanism was not an Archimedean planetarium, as thought, but a mechanical representation of the ancient Babylonian arithmetical approach to mathematical astronomy.

Price’s popular publication in Scientific American in 1959 diverted him from contributing to the 1965 Transactions dedicated to the Antikythera shipwreck, but his crucial conclusions appeared in the Transactions in 1974. Jones shows how such new techniques as microfocus X-ray computed tomography and reflectance transformation imaging have made it possible to improve Price’s reconstruction. The Mechanism was not a “calendar computer” or an atomic bomb in a pyramid, but a sophisticated instrument that displayed the synodic cycles of the planets. Price lacked adequate radiography, and failed to recognize that the dials consisted of spirals, not concentric circles. But his successors would untangle the meaning of the Mechanism that Price had done so much to explain based on his original APS grant. 

The prize was established in 1982 by a gift from the widow of Henry Allen Moe, to honor the longtime head of the Guggenheim Foundation and president of the American Philosophical Society from 1959 to 1970. It pays particular tribute to his firm commitment to the humanities and those who pursue them.  The prize is awarded annually to the author of a paper in the humanities or jurisprudence read at a meeting of the Society.  

Members of the selection committee were Elizabeth Cropper (chair), Dean, Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, National Gallery of Art; Michael McCormick, Goelet Professor of Medieval History, Harvard University; Brent Shaw, Andrew Fleming West Professor of Classics, Princeton University.

The recipient of the Society’s 2018 Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in Science is Mary-Claire King, American Cancer Society Professor in the Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences at the University of Washington in Seattle.  The medal was presented on April 26, 2019 at the Society's Spring 2019 meeting. Her diverse works have included the demonstration that humans and chimpanzees are 99% genetically identical.  She also is recognized for the use of genomic sequencing to identify victims of human rights abuse in identifying children stolen from their families and illegally adopted under the military dictatorship in Argentina.  She is best known for her pioneering work in identifying a single gene, BRCA1, as a cause of inherited breast and ovarian cancer.  Her meticulous and landmark studies empowered women to be tested for deleterious genes that predispose them to breast and/or ovarian cancer and thus providing options for prophylactic surgeries or earlier and more frequent screening.  

Her exemplary research has been recognized with numerous awards, including the Brinker award from the Komen Foundation in 1999, Lasker Award in 2014, and National Medal of Science in 2015.  She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2012.  

In 1906 Congress authorized the medal to commemorate the 200th anniversary of Franklin’s birth.  President Roosevelt directed that the 1st one go to the Republic of France.  50 copies were given to the American Philosophical Society for its use.  The Society has chosen to be to be parsimonious in their distribution.  For three decades only one was given and that was to Marie Curie in 1921.  Since 1937 they have been awarded more liberally but still quite selectively, for major contributions in the sciences, humanities or public service.  It was decided to present the medal as part of the celebration of the American Philosophical Society’s 275th anniversary 

The members of the selection committee are APS president Linda Greenhouse (chair), Council members representing Classes 1 and 2 Warren M. Washington, Stephen J. Benkovic, Lawrence H. Einhorn, Philip D. Gingerich, Nina G. Jablonski, and executive officer Robert M. Hauser.