KRAMERS, H. A.* b. 1894, Rotterdam, Netherlands; d. 1952, Leiden, Netherlands.
1912-16, U. Leiden; 1919, Dr. phil. with P. Ehrenfest.
1916-26, U. Copenhagen: 1919-22, Asst. to N. Bohr; 1922-26, Lector.
1926-34, U. Utrecht, Prof.
1931-52, Techn. Hogesch. Delft, a. o. Prof.
1934-52, U. Leiden, o. Prof.
Misc.: 1928, U. Michigan, Visiting Prof.
1930, Visiting Prof.: U. California, Berkeley, and Purdue U.
1938, U. Michigan, Visiting Prof.
Letters to
BECKER: 12 Aug 24 (8,2).
BECQUEREL: [12 Aug 471 (11,4).
BERLINER: 5 Sep 24, 9 Dec 25, (8,2).
BOHR: 25 Aug 16, 2 Mar 17, 5 Mar 17, 6 Mar 17, 12 Mar 17,17 Mar 17, 22 Mar 17,16 Nov 17, [1 Jan 18], 28 Dec 18, 30 Dec 18, 2 Jan 19, [12 Jan 19], 27 Jan 19, 11 Jun 19, 13 Jun 19, 17 Jun 19, 20 Jun 19, 25 Jun 19, 29 Jun 19, 4 Jul 19, 18 Jul 19, [24] Jul 19, 26 Sep 19, 27 Oct 19, 2 Aug 20, 19 Aug 21, 13 Mar 22, 22 Mar 22, (BSC 4,2).
BORK: 13 May 25 (8,2).
COLBY: 7 Sep 27, 17 Dec 27, (9,6.7).
COSTER: 10 Jun 38 (9,7).
DENNISON: 6 Jan 27, 25 May 28, (59,1).
EDDINGTON: 15 Dec 23 (8,3).
R. H. FOWLER - 9 Dec 25 (8,6).
FRANCK: 2 Jul 24 (8,6).
HALPERN: 9 Jan 24 (8,6).
HEISENBERG: 12 Apr 44 (28,13).
HUGHES: 8 Jul 24 (8,6).
FREDERIC JOLIOT: 21 Jun 30 (10,5.1) ; 10 Sep 47 (12,10).
KRONIG: 8 Jul 24 (8,7); 26 Feb 26 (10,6); 8 Jul 24, 23 Jul 26, 3 Sep 28, (16,9).
LADENBURG: 5 Jun 24, 3 Jul 24, 18 Dec 24, (8,9).
LANDÉ: 28 Feb 21 (4,17).
LENZ: 23 May 24 (8,8).
PEIERLS: 5 letters 1949-51 (13,9).
RANDALL: 11 Nov 24 (8,9).
RUBINOWICZ: 9 Dec 20, 5 Aug 22, 2 letters 1938-39, (17,B); 6 Jun 39 (10,10).
RUTHERFORD: 13 Oct 23 (8,9).
SCHEEL: 28 Aug 24, [1924], (8,10).
SCHRÖDINGER: 15 Jul 26, 16 Nov 26, (41,S).
SIEGBAHN: 16 Sep 25 (8,10).
SOMMERFELD: 4 Jun 24, 2 Jul 24, 6 Sep 24 (8, 11); 6 Sep 24, 28 Nov 30, 10 Jan 38, (31,14).
UREY: 16 Jul 25 (8,12).
VAN VLECK: 15 Jun 22 (BSC 4,2); 11 Nov 24 (8,12) (49,9); Jan 27, 31 Mar 27, 24 Feb 28, 24 Apr 28, 28 Apr 28, 13 Dec 28, 28 Dec 28, (49,9).
WEBSTER: 3 Jul 24 (8,12).
WEISSKOPF: 6 Jun 39 (10,15).
Letters from
See: AMALDI, BACHER, BAUER, BECKER, BECQUEREL, BERLINER, BLOCH, BOHR, BORN, BRAGG, BREIT, J. M. BURGERS, CASIMIR, COCKCROFT, COLBY, COSTER, COURANT, DEBYE, DELBRÜCK, DIEKE, DORGELO, EDDINGTON, EHRENFEST, EPSTEIN, EUCKEN, FAXÉN, FOKKER, FOSTER, R. H. FOWLER, FRANCK, GORDON, GORTER, GOUDSMIT, HEISENBERG, HEITLER, G. HERTZ, DE HEVESY, HUGHES, HULTHÉN, FREDERIC JOLIOT, KEESOM, KEMBLE, KLEIN, KRONIG, KUHN, LADENBURG, LANDT, VON LAUE, LINDSAY, LORENTZ, MOTT, MULLIKEN, VON NEUMANN, NISHINA, NORDHEIM, NORDSTR6M, OPPENHEIMER, ORNSTEIN, PAULI, PEIERLS, RANDALL, REICHE, ROSENFELD, ROSSELAND, RUBINOWICZ, RUNGE, SCHEEL, SCHERRFR, SCHRÖDINGER, SENFTLEBEN, SIEGBAHN, SILBERSTEIN, SLATER, SMEXAL, SOMMERFELD, TAKAMINE, THIRRING, G. P. THOMSON, UHLENBECK, UREY, VAN VLECK, VAN DER WAERDEN, WALLER, WEBSTER, WEISS, WEISSKOPF, WENTZEL, WERNER.
Manuscripts
Notebook entitled "Klad[schrift] II, 1914-15, Geschiedenis theorie electromagnet-, . . . Principes mechanical" (25,1):
- "Principe van Le Chatelier," 2 sheets.
- Notes on radiation from moving charge systems, 9 sheets.
- Notes on classical analytical mechanics, 27 pp.
- Notes on "Quantentheorie," 7 pp.
- Notes on Maxwell theory and on Sommerfeld's article in Encykl. Math. Wiss. V.2.1 on the elementary laws of electrodynamics, 37 pp.
- Notes on "Vorlesungen über elektrische Ströme, F. Neumann," 14 pp.
Notebook entitled "Kladschrift, 31 Mei 1915, H. A.K.:" Notes on a paper on orthogonal functions by E. Schmidt in
Math. Ann. [
1903?], 11 sheets, 1915 (25,2).
Notebook entitled "Integraal vergelijking, statistica en quantosa," (25,5) :
- Notes on mathematical topics connected with orthogonal functions, 24 sheets, [1915].
- "Vervolg Quantentheorie," notes on quantum statistics, 30 sheets, Jan-Jun 16.
Notebook entitled "Radio-activiteit," notes on Lamé functions in back of book, 3 pp., [1915-16] (25,3).
Notebook entitled "H. A. Kramers, Sept. 1916, K[ladschrift] II, Atoommodellen." Records reading, lecture and conversation notes, 35 sheets, SepDec 1916 (25,6).
Notebook without title (25,7)
- Comments by Bohr on the performances of various students in examinations, 1 p., 1916.
- Lists of names and gifts [perhaps connected with Kramers' marriage] 5 pp.
- In back of notebook,"Foredrag om relativitetsteori og gravitationsteori. Hovedtanke," 10 lectures beginning 8 Mar 19, 12 sheets.
Notebook on Math. Physics, 72 pp., Aug-Oct 1916 (15,1) :
- General solution of Maxwell's equations; Hertzian doublet; boundary value problems, 10 pp.
- Green's functions in elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic coordinates; Fourier integrals, 33 pp.
- Report on Sommerfeld, Phys. Zs. 11 (1910): p. 105; wave equations, 11 pp.
- Report on Sommerfeld, Ann d. Phys. 28 (1909): p. 605; wave propagation, 17 pp.
Notes for a paper, "On the Mechanical Problem of the Motion of a Nuclear Atom with Two Electrons," largely dictated by Bohr to Kramers, 70 sheets, 1916-17 (27,1-7).
Manuscript, "Nyet om Einsteins gravitationsteori," 20 sheets; working notes on general relativity, 42 sheets, Apr-May 17 (27,8-9).
Manuscript draft, "On the Adiabatic Invariants of Mechanical Systems," 21 sheets; rough notes, 37 sheets, Jul-Aug 17 (27,10-11).
Notebook entitled, "Forelaesninger I. Efteraar, 1920 ... Efteraar, 1921 ... Foraar, 1922," (25,8).
- "Forelaesninger om relativitetsteori," 14 sheets, 1920.
- "Forelaesninger om elektri-,itetslaere," 17 sheets, 1921.
- "Vektoranalyse," 2 sheets, 1922.
- "Elektronteori," 13 sheets, 1922.
Working notes, plus a letter to O. Klein dated 12 Mar 20, on the proof of separability of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation for an arbitrary number of degrees of freedom, 46 sheets, 18 Feb-18 Mar 20 (27,12-13).
Rough notes on general relativity: mass determination in a constant gravitational field, precession of the perihelion of mercury, coordinate transformations, 27 sheets, 23-25 [1920] (27,14).
Manuscript on the Milne Problem sent as a letter to O. Klein, 9 pp. 30 Apr 20 (15,2).
Notebook entitled "Adversaria, juni, 192 (25, 9) :
- Jottings on physical questions as well as the comings and goings of "Copenhageners," 10 sheets, Sep 20-Jan 22.
- Notes on X-ray spectra, 3 sheets, 1922.
- Notes on the continuous X-ray spectrum, 19 sheets, 1927.
Notebook entitled "Forelaesninger II. Foraarssem, 1923 ... Efteraarssemestret, 1923 ... Foraarssem. 1924," (25,10) :
- List of colloquia for spring and fall 1923, 2 pp.
- Lectures on hydrodynamics, 5 sheets, 1923.
- Lectures on relativity, 13 sheets, 1923.
- List of colloquia for spring 1924, 2 pp.
- Lectures on thermodynamics and kinetic theory, 25 sheets, 1924.
- In back of notebook: "Series of Lectures by Bohr in the First Half Year 1923 on Statistical Theorv and Quantum Theory," 4 sheets.
Typescript draft, "(5n the Theory of X-ray Absorption and of the Continuous X-ray Spectrum," (published in
Phil. Mag. 46 (1923) ]: 44 sheets (27, 15).
Notebook entitled "Forelaesninger III. Foraar, 1924 Efteraar, 1924 Foraar, 1925 (25,11):
- Lectures on thermodynamics and kinetic theory, 17 sheets, 1924.
- Lectures on vector analysis, 13 sheets, 1924.
- Lectures on electrostatics and electromagnetism, 24 sheets, 1924.
- Lectures on "Atomistisk elektricitetslaere: elektronteori, relativitetsteori, kvanteteori," 19 sheets, 1925.
- In back of notebook: list of colloquia for autumn 1924 and spring 1925, 3 pp.
Typescript draft, "Über eine mögliche Bedeutung des Versazens des Energieprincips bei Atomprozessen," 4 sheets, [late 1924] (27,16).
Typescript notes, "Forelaesning om termodynamik og kinetisk luftteori," 56 pp., 1924 (15,3).
Rough notes on a calculation of the equilibrium between atoms and radiation, 6 sheets, 30 Jan 25 (27,16).
Manuscript and typescript draft, "Über die Eigenschaften von Atomen in einem Strahlungsfelde," 13 sheets, Feb 25 (27,16).
Notebook entitled "Forelaesninger IV," (26,1):
- "Relativitetsteori : Foraarssem. 1925, (Forts.)" with notes added in following years, 15 sheets.
- "Mekanik, hydrodynamik, elasticitetsteori. Efteraarssem., 1925," with an appendix on the vibration of atoms in molecules, 34 sheets, 1927.
- "Caput selectum quantum mechanical" 23 sheets, 1926-27.
- "Capita selecta quantum mechanical 1927-1928," 19 sheets.
Manuscript draft in Niessen's hand, "Over de Wentzelsche afleiding van de oude quantenformuleering als eerste approximatie der golfmechanica door H. A. Kramers en K. F. Niessen in Utrecht," 17 sheets [1926] (28,2).
Manuscript notes on matrix mechanics, 7 pp., 3 and 7 Mar 26 (15,4).
Notebook without title, (26,2)
- Notes for lecture to Selsk. for Naturl. Udbr, 3 pp., 7 Apr 26.
- "Forelaesninger om atomteori," 7 sheets, Apr 26.
- In back of notebook: notes on wave mechanics, 1 p., 15 Apr 26.
Notebook entitled "Atoommechanica.. .", (26,3):
- 12 lectures on the connection between spectra and the periodic system, 10 sheets, 1927-28.
- Michigan Summer School, elementary course, 11 sheets, Jun-Aug 28.
- 12 lectures on the quantum theory of binding, sheets, Feb-May 29.
- 21 lectures on elementary atomic structure and de Broglie waves, 4 sheets, 1929-30.
- Michigan Summer School, advanced course, 11 lectures, 4 pp., Jun-Aug 28.
- "Golfmechanica," 24 lectures, 20 sheets, 1928-29.
- "Theory of Probability Amplitudes," 11 lectures, 6 sheets, 1930.
- Lectures on physical statistics, 10 sheets, 1930-31.
- In back of notebook: lecture to Volksuniversiteit, 1 p., Jan 28.
Typescript draft of 1927 Como Conference paper, "La diffusion de la lumière par les atomes," 9 sheets (28,3).
Rough notes for 3 lectures on atomic physics and causality, 8 sheets, Arnhem, 20 Oct 27; Wageningen, [8 Dec 27]; 17 Jan 28 (28,3).
Manuscript draft, "De causaliteitswet in de moderne natuurkunde,"
[cf. Voordracht Diligentia 7 (1928): pp. 33-43] 14 sheets (28,3).
Rough notes for 3 lectures given in America, spring 1928 (28,4):
- "The Spirit of Modern Physics," 6 pp., [Toronto].
- "Causality in Modern Science," 4 sheets, Toronto, 1 May 28.
- "The Problem of Matter in Modern Physics," 2 sheets, 14 May 28.
Notebook entitled "Q" (26,4):
- Outlines of 14 lectures on quantum theory given in Toronto in April and June 1928, 16 sheets.
- Outline of a lecture on the wave-particle duality given in Chicago, 1 sheet, 27 Jul 28.
Lectures on quantum mechanics. Notes taken by Kemble at the 1928 summer session at Ann Arbor, 70 pp. (55,4).
Typescript of a lecture on the results yielded by quantum mechanics when applied to collision processes, 34 sheets, Oct 28 (28,5).
Typescript draft, pages 12-31, in which the quantum mechanical apparatus is applied to a number of thought experiments, 20 sheets [1928] (28, 6).
Rough notes, "Ionisatie Kurve (Frl. Meitner)," 3 sheets, [1927-29] (28,7).
Manuscript draft, [probably of "Theorie générale de la rotation paramagnétique dans les cristaux,"
Proc. Acad. Amst. 33 (1930)], 19 sheets, Nov 30 (28,8).
Notes on Langevin's article on kinetic theory, [
Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. (1905): p. 245], 1 p., 15 Apr 31
(10,7.1).
Rough notes for 2 lectures at U. Calif. at Los Angeles, spring 1931 (28,9):
- "Causality and Probability in Modern Physics," 3 sheets.
- "Einstein's Theory of Relativity," 4 sheets.
Typescript draft of a lecture, "Werkelijkheid en begrippenvorming," [cf. Physica 11 (1931): pp. 321-36], 21 sheets (28,9).
Typescript, "Elektronengeleiding in metalen," 2 sheets [1932] (28,9).
Notes on paramagnetism, 2 pp., 17 Jan 1932 (9,2).
Notebook entitled "Colleges Leiden, 1929-30 ... Vrijdag College '33-'34," (26,5) :
- Lectures on elementary quantum mechanics, 28 sheets, Leiden, 1929-30.
- "Vrijdag college," modern physics, 3 pp., 1931-32, 1933-34.
- "Vrijdag college '33-'34." Electron spin: classical, vector model, Thomas precession, quantum mechanics. 24 lectures, 13 sheets.
- "Vrijdag college. Leiden. 1934-35." Elementary quantum mechanics, 8 sheets.
- 11 lectures on elementary quantum mechanics, 12 sheets, Delft, 1929-30.
Lectures on elementary quantum mechanics, 84 sheets, 1933-34 (26,6).
Notebook entitled "Alg. atoomtheorie, 1932-33 . 1935-36," (26,7):
- "Algemeen atoomtheorie," 54 lectures on atomic physics, 31 sheets, 1932-33.
- "Mechanica der atomen," 50 lectures on wave mechanical treatment, 12 sheets, 1933-34.
- "College atoomtheorie," 27 lectures 1935-36, 20 lectures 1936-37, 18 sheets.
- "Electriciteitsleer," 50 lectures, 20 sheets, 1933-34.
Outline for article on "X-rays and Wave Mechanics" to be contributed to a supplementary number of Current Science, 1 p., Jun 36 (10,8.1).
Manuscript notes, "Diffusie Potentiaal" 44 pp., Jul 36, 28 Mar 37, 25 Apr 37, 30 Apr 37, (15,5).
Rough notes on the probability interpretation in regard to a mixture of two quantum mechanical systems, 4 sheets, 22 and 26 Oct 36 (28,10).
Notes on "Lichtgolven en lichtquanta," 2 pp., 19 Nov 36 (10,8.2).
Rough notes for a lecture on the electron theory, with emphasis on Oseen's work, 3 sheets, Stockholm, 18 Feb 37 (28,10).
Notebook entitled "Quantum-mech. '37-'38; Stralingstheorie '37-'38 . . . " (26,8):
- "Quantumtheorie," 47 lectures on elementary quantum mechanics, 18 sheets, 1937-38.
- "Stralingstheorie," 22 lectures, 7 sheets, 1937-38.
- "Electronentheorie en relativiteitstheorie, 1938-39," only 4 lectures listed, 1 p., Sep-Oct 1938.
- "Statistische theorieen," 36 lectures, 16 sheets, 1938-39.
- "Elementaire quantumtheorie," 24 lectures, 10 sheets, 1939-40.
- "Quantum mechanical" 50 lectures, 24 sheets, 1948-49.
Rough notes on Born's linear field theory, 8 sheets, Dec 38 (28,10).
Notes for a colloquium lecture on nuclear fission to be given I 1 Oct 39, 2 pp., [cf. Bohr and Wheeler, Phys. Rev. 56 (1939) : pp. 426] (9,6.8).
Manuscript draft, "On the Elimination of the Electronic Structure from the Electronic Theory and on the Subsequent Quantization of this Theory," 14 sheets, 1940 (28,11).
Errata to Mittard's book (?], 1 p., 1941 (13,1). Typescript, "Augustin-Jean Fresnel," [cf. Ned. T. Natuurk. 9 (1942) ], 10 sheets (28,12). Manuscript and typescript drafts, "Principigle moeilijkheden van een theorie der deeltjes," [cf. Ned T. Natuurk. 11 (1944); pp. 57-66], 18 sheets (28,14).
Manuscript, "Photons et neutrinos," 7 sheets, [1940's] (28,15).
Notes, "Remarks on Alfvén's theory of the origin of the solar system," 4 pp., Copenhagen, 30 Sep 1946 (14,11).
Manuscript notes on lecture, "Some Remarks on the Quantum Theory of Dispersion of Light," 3 sheets, [1940's] (28,16).
Calculations for a reply to an enquiry of R. Kastner [letter of 6 Apr 50] regarding evaluation of two integrals in Kramers' paper on X-rays [Phil. Mag. (1923)] (12,12).
Rough notes from 15 miscellaneous lectures, 44 sheets, (1950-51] (28,17.a-o).
Notes for 9 lectures, "Colleges Delft 1952. Lichtgolven en lichtquanta," 15 sheets, Jan-Mar 52 (28,16).
Notes on the wave mechanics of the tensile strength of a linear molecule, 3 pp., [undated] (10,3).
Notes headed, "H. S. W. Massey," [on He potentials and virial coefficients] I p., [undated] (14,7).
Memoirs: autobiographical sketch, 2 pp.; postwar newspaper clippings; memorial proposing Kramers to the Academie, 3 pp.; Kramers' appointment as Ridder in de Orde van te Nederlandse Leeuw, (14,11).
Unpublished material held elsewhere
BOHR COLLECTION, Copenhagen, Denmark. Letters to Bohr, 9 Apr 23, 12 Aug 23, 11 Oct 23, 28 May 24, 18 Jul 26, 10 Sep 26, 22 Dec 26, 21 Jul 27, 21 Feb 28, 12 Mar 28, 27 Mar 28, 14 Jan 29, 28 Feb 29, 12 Mar 29, 29 Apr 29, 13 May 29, 10 Sep 29, 3 Dec 29, 20 Dec 29, 21 Mar 30, 18 Jun 30, 23 Jul, 30, 28 Jul 30, 3 Dec 30, 5 Oct 31, 9 Jan 34, 9 Aug 35, 33 letters 1936-52; to Faxén, 15 May 23; to Reiche, 15 May 23; to Runge, 5 Oct 23. See: Bohr, Heisenberg, Runge, Urey.
ALGEMEEN RIJKSARCHIEF, The Hague, The Netherlands. Letters from Kramers contained in Lorentz papers 1888-1928.
RIJKSMUSEUM VOOR DE GESCHIEDENIS DER NATUURWETENSCHAPPEN, Leiden, The Netherlands. Letter to Ehrenfest, 1929; to Keesom, 1934, concerning the formulation of the relativity theory. Letter to de Haas, 1952, concerning a speech by de Broglie on Lorentz; to Verschaffelt, 1930. See: Ehrenfest.
PAULI COLLECTION, Zurich, Switzerland. See: Pauli.
DUKE UNIVERSITY ARCHIVES, Durham, N.C. Letters to London, 21 Mar 30, 1 Apr 30.
KRONIG, R. DEL.* b. 1904, Dresden, Germany.
1919-24, Columbia U.: 1924, Ph.D. with A. P. Wills.
1924-26, Behr-Cutting Travel. Fel.: U. Cambridge, U. Leiden, U. Tübingen, U. Copenhagen, U. Göttingen, U. Rome.
1926-27, Columbia U., Lect.
1927-28, U. Copenhagen, Intl. Educ. Board Fel.
1928-29, Eidgn. Techn. Hochsch. Zurich, Asst. to W. Pauli.
1929-30, U. Cambridge, Lect., then Imperial Coll., London, Asst. Prof.
1930-39, U. Groningen: 1930-31, Conservator;
1931-39, Lect.
Interviews
One session, 25 pp. transcript. (See Appendix. I.)
Letters to
GOUDSMIT: 15 Dec 24, 31 Dec 24, (60,3) ; 4 Feb 25, 9 Feb 25, 16 Feb 25, 21 Feb 25, 7 May 25, 5 Jun 25, (60,4) ; 11 Oct 25 (60,5).
JORDAN: 17 Dec 27, 20 Mar 28, 26 Nov 28, 11 Dec 28, (18,4).
KRAMERS: 28 Apr 24 (8,7); 7 Feb 26 (28,I); 6 Mar 26, 11 Mar 26, 17 Sep 26, 3 letters 1937-38, 1 letter [undated], (10,6) ; 2 letters 1944-45 (12, 13).
LANDÉ: 19 Jan 25, 11 Feb 25, (4,17).
SHENSTONE: 23 Jun 28 (59,3).
VAN VLECK: 10 Sep 26, 24 Sep 26, 15 Apr 27, 4 May 27, 27 May 28, 30 Jun 28, 11 Jul 28, 21 Nov 38, (49,10).
Letters from
See: BOHR, DARWIX, DORGELO, FERMI, R. H. FOWLER, HEISENBERG, HULTHÉN, HUND, KRAMERS, PAULI, VAN VLECK.
Manuscripts
Manuscript draft, "Die Intensität der Zeeman Komponenten," [Naturwiss 13 (1925): p. 90], Leiden, Dec 24 (60,3).
Typescript draft with manuscript additions, "On the Theory of Dispersion of X-rays," [published in J. Opt. Soc. Amer.], 18 sheets, Feb 26 (28,1).
Typescript draft, "The Dielectric Constant of Symmetrical Polyatomic Dipole-Gases on the New Quantum Mechanics," 6 pp., Sep 26 (49,10).
Memoir, "Recollections of the Advent of Electron Spin," 3 pp., 22 Jun 59 (66,6).
Unpublished material held elsewhere
BOHR COLLECTION, Copenhagen, Denmark. Letters to Bohr, 24 Oct 24, 6 Dec 24, 21 Dec 25, 7 Oct 26, 22 Nov 26, 7 Feb 27, 15 Aug 31, 18 Oct 32, 15 Nov 32, 25 Nov 32, 14 Dec 32, 8 Jan 33, 4 letters 1941-53. See: Bohr.
PAULI COLLECTION, Zurich, Switzerland. See: Pauli.